Ep 123 Hand, Foot, and Mouth (and Butt?) Disease

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). The dreaded scourge of daycares, kindergartens, even occasionally college campuses, and the topic of this week’s episode. From the multiple viruses that cause HFMD to the wide array of symptoms (bye bye, fingernails), from the relatively recent discovery of this disease to the ancient origins of all viruses (deep time, y’all), from the changing nature of outbreaks to the development of potential vaccines (fingers crossed) – in this episode we’re going way beyond the basics of hand, foot, and mouth disease. Whether or not you’ve had the pleasure of being up close and personal with this disease, this episode is sure to leave you slightly horrified/mildly impressed by the infectiousness, longevity, resilience, and deep roots of the HFMD viruses.

HistoryBiology
Zimmer, Carl. A planet of viruses. University of Chicago Press, 2021.Ventarola, D., Bordone, L. and Silverberg, N., 2015. Update on hand-foot-and-mouth disease. Clinics in dermatology, 33(3), pp.340-346.
Alsop, J., T. H. Flewett, and J. R. Foster. ““Hand-foot-and-mouth disease” in Birmingham in 1959.” British medical journal 2.5214 (1960): 1708.Ooi, M.H., Wong, S.C., Lewthwaite, P., Cardosa, M.J. and Solomon, T., 2010. Clinical features, diagnosis, and management of enterovirus 71. The Lancet Neurology, 9(11), pp.1097-1105.
Crowell, R. L., and B. J. Landau. “A short history and introductory background on the coxsackieviruses of group B.” The coxsackie B viruses (1997): 1-11.Solomon, T., Lewthwaite, P., Perera, D., Cardosa, M.J., McMinn, P. and Ooi, M.H., 2010. Virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control of enterovirus 71. The Lancet infectious diseases, 10(11), pp.778-790.
Duff, M. F. “Hand-foot-and-mouth syndrome in humans: coxsackie A10 infections in New Zealand.” British medical journal 2.5606 (1968): 661.Tyring, S.K., 2020. Hand foot and mouth disease: Enteroviral load and disease severity. EBioMedicine, 62.
Durzyńska, Julia, and Anna Goździcka-Józefiak. “Viruses and cells intertwined since the dawn of evolution.” Virology Journal 12 (2015): 1-10.2021. “Enterovirus (Nonpoliovirus) (Group A and B Coxsackieviruses, Echoviruses, Numbered Enteroviruses)”, Red Book: 2021–2024 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics, David W. Kimberlin,  Elizabeth D. Barnett, Ruth Lynfield, Mark H. Sawyer
Emerman, Michael, and Harmit S. Malik. “Paleovirology—modern consequences of ancient viruses.” PLoS biology 8.2 (2010): e1000301.Wong, S.S.Y., Yip, C.C.Y., Lau, S.K.P. and Yuen, K.Y., 2010. Human enterovirus 71 and hand, foot and mouth disease. Epidemiology & Infection, 138(8),
Feschotte, Cédric, and Clément Gilbert. “Endogenous viruses: insights into viral evolution and impact on host biology.” Nature Reviews Genetics 13.4 (2012): 283-296.CDC (Rev May 11,2023) Hand Foot and Mouth Disease. https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/index.html
Flewett, T. H., R. P. Warin, and Suzanne KR Clarke. “Hand, foot, and mouth disease’associated with Coxsackie A5 virus.” Journal of clinical pathology 16.1 (1963): 53-55.Du, Z., Zhang, W., Zhang, D., Yu, S. and Hao, Y., 2017. Estimating the basic reproduction rate of HFMD using the time series SIR model in Guangdong, China. PloS one, 12(7), p.e0179623.
Forterre, Patrick, and David Prangishvili. “The origin of viruses.” Research in Microbiology 160.7 (2009): 466-472.Ma, E., Fung, C., Yip, S.H., Wong, C., Chuang, S.K. and Tsang, T., 2011. Estimation of the basic reproduction number of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 in hand, foot, and mouth disease outbreaks. The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 30(8), pp.675-679.
Grandi, Nicole, and Enzo Tramontano. “Human endogenous retroviruses are ancient acquired elements still shaping innate immune responses.” Frontiers in immunology 9 (2018): 2039.Goto, K., Sanefuji, M., Kusuhara, K., Nishimura, Y., Shimizu, H., Kira, R., Torisu, H. and Hara, T., 2009. Rhombencephalitis and coxsackievirus A16. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(10), p.1689.
Holmes, Edward C. “What does virus evolution tell us about virus origins?.” Journal of virology 85.11 (2011): 5247-5251.Tabasi, S.T., 2018. Skin rashes that involve palms and soles: an internist’s view. Ann Nurs Primary Care, 1(2), p.1012.
Koonin, Eugene V., et al. “The Big Bang of picorna-like virus evolution antedates the radiation of eukaryotic supergroups.” Nature Reviews Microbiology 6.12 (2008): 925-939.Mao, Q., Wang, Y., Yao, X., Bian, L., Wu, X., Xu, M. and Liang, Z., 2014. Coxsackievirus A16: epidemiology, diagnosis, and vaccine. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 10(2), pp.360-367.
Krupovic, Mart, Valerian V. Dolja, and Eugene V. Koonin. “Origin of viruses: primordial replicators recruiting capsids from hosts.” Nature Reviews Microbiology 17.7 (2019): 449-458.Feder, H.M., Bennett, N. and Modlin, J.F., 2014. Atypical hand, foot, and mouth disease: a vesiculobullous eruption caused by Coxsackie virus A6. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 14(1), pp.83-86.
Mi, Sha, et al. “Syncytin is a captive retroviral envelope protein involved in human placental morphogenesis.” Nature 403.6771 (2000): 785-789.Ramirez-Fort, M.K., Downing, C., Doan, H.Q., Benoist, F., Oberste, M.S., Khan, F. and Tyring, S.K., 2014. Coxsackievirus A6 associated hand, foot and mouth disease in adults: clinical presentation and review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Virology, 60(4), pp.381-386.
Nasir, Arshan, Kyung Mo Kim, and Gustavo Caetano-Anollés. “Viral evolution: primordial cellular origins and late adaptation to parasitism.” Mobile Genetic Elements 2.5 (2012): 247-252.Brooks David Kimmis, M.D., Downing, C. and Tyring, S., 2018. Hand-foot-and-mouth disease caused by coxsackievirus A6 on the rise. Cutis, 102, pp.353-356.
Nasir, Arshan, et al. “Untangling the origin of viruses and their impact on cellular evolution.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1341.1 (2015): 61-74.World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific. (‎2018)‎. Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease Situation Update 2018. WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/274107
Nasir, Arshan, Ethan Romero-Severson, and Jean-Michel Claverie. “Investigating the concept and origin of viruses.” Trends in microbiology 28.12 (2020): 959-967.Song, C., Li, Y., Zhou, Y., Liang, L., Turtle, L., Wang, F., Wu, P., Qiu, Q., Yang, J., Wang, K. and Cui, P., 2020. Enterovirus genomic load and disease severity among children hospitalised with hand, foot and mouth disease. EBioMedicine, 62.
Nguyen, Ngoc TB, et al. “Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of children who died from hand, foot and mouth disease in Vietnam, 2011.” BMC infectious diseases 14 (2014): 1-7.Koh, W.M., Bogich, T., Siegel, K., Jin, J., Chong, E.Y., Tan, C.Y., Chen, M.I., Horby, P. and Cook, A.R., 2016. The epidemiology of hand, foot and mouth disease in Asia: a systematic review and analysis. The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 35(10), p.e285.
Richardson Jr, Henry Burtt, and Albert Leibovitz. ““Hand, foot, and mouth disease” in children: An epidemic associated with Coxsackie virus A-16.” The Journal of pediatrics 67.1 (1965): 6-12.
Simmonds, P., et al. “Recommendations for the nomenclature of enteroviruses and rhinoviruses.” Archives of virology 165 (2020): 793-797.
Wessner, David R. “The origins of viruses.” Nature Education 3.9 (2010): 37.
Zell, Roland. “Picornaviridae—the ever-growing virus family.” Archives of virology 163.2 (2018): 299-317.
Zhu, Peiyu, et al. “Current status of hand-foot-and-mouth disease.” Journal of Biomedical Science 30.1 (2023): 15.

Disclaimer: This post may contain affiliate links. If you buy something through one of these links, you won’t pay a penny more, but we’ll get a small commission which helps us keep things running. Thanks!