Even if you haven’t watched the TV show House MD, you’re probably familiar with the phrase “it’s never lupus”. But have you stopped to consider why it’s never lupus? Or why lupus is so often suspected in the first case? Well, dear listeners, this episode aims to get at the heart of those questions, which is easier said than done. Like many other autoimmune diseases, lupus erythematosus continues to baffle, but we know a lot more now than we used to. In this episode, we take you through that knowledge as best we can and then trace the steps of how we came to first recognize, then describe, and then treat lupus, a journey that takes us through how we learned about autoimmunity in the first place. If you’ve ever been curious about how lupus got its name (wolf bite, anyone?) or what the pregnancy compensation hypothesis could mean for this and other autoimmune diseases, then this is the episode for you.
| History | Biology |
| Anderson, Warwick, and Ian R. Mackay. Intolerant bodies: a short history of autoimmunity. JHU Press, 2014. | Thomas, Donald E. The Lupus Encyclopedia : a Comprehensive Guide for Patients and Families. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014. |
| David, Matthew D. “Endogenous Retroviruses and the Pregnancy Compensation Hypothesis: A Response to Natri et al.” Trends Genet 36.1 (2020): 1-2. | Fanouriakis, A., Tziolos, N., Bertsias, G. and Boumpas, D.T., 2021. Update οn the diagnosis and management of systemic lupus erythematosus. Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 80(1), pp.14-25. |
| Fatovic-Ferencic, Stella, and Karl Holubar. “Early history and iconography of lupus erythematosus.” Clinics in dermatology 22.2 (2004): 100-104. | Dörner, T. and Furie, R., 2019. Novel paradigms in systemic lupus erythematosus. The Lancet, 393(10188), pp.2344-2358. |
| Greenbaum, Shirley, and Gili Greenbaum. “Evolution of Immune Sexual Dimorphism in Response to Placental Invasiveness: A Response to Natri et al.” Trends in Genetics 36.1 (2020): 3-5. | Tsokos, G.C., 2020. Autoimmunity and organ damage in systemic lupus erythematosus. Nature immunology, 21(6), pp.605-614. |
| Hepburn, A. L. “The LE cell.” Rheumatology 40.7 (2001): 826-827. | Wenzel, J., 2019. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: new insights into pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies. Nature Reviews Rheumatology, 15(9), pp.519-532. |
| Keestra, Sarai M., Victoria Male, and Gul Deniz Salali. “Out of balance: the role of evolutionary mismatches in the sex disparity in autoimmune disease.” Medical hypotheses 151 (2021): 110558. | Mok, C.C. and Lau, C.S., 2003. Pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Journal of clinical pathology, 56(7), pp.481-490. |
| Kaufmann, Stefan HE. “Immunology’s coming of age.” Frontiers in immunology 10 (2019): 684. | Gasparotto, M., Gatto, M., Binda, V., Doria, A. and Moroni, G., 2020. Lupus nephritis: clinical presentations and outcomes in the 21st century. Rheumatology, 59(Supplement_5), pp.v39-v51.Ponticelli, C. and Moroni, G., 2017. Hydroxychloroquine in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Expert opinion on drug safety, 16(3), pp.411-419. |
| Kronzer, Vanessa L., Stanley Louis Bridges Jr, and John M. Davis III. “Why women have more autoimmune diseases than men: An evolutionary perspective.” Evolutionary Applications 14.3 (2021): 629-633. | Liossis, S.N. and Staveri, C., 2021. What’s new in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. Frontiers in Medicine, 8, p.655100. |
| Mallavarapu, Ravi K., and Edwin W. Grimsley. “The history of lupus erythematosus.” Southern medical journal 100.9 (2007): 896-898. | Durcan, L., O’Dwyer, T. and Petri, M., 2019. Management strategies and future directions for systemic lupus erythematosus in adults. The Lancet, 393(10188), pp.2332-2343. |
| Natri, Heini, et al. “The pregnancy pickle: evolved immune compensation due to pregnancy underlies sex differences in human diseases.” Trends in Genetics 35.7 (2019): 478-488. | Fairley, J.L., Oon, S., Saracino, A.M. and Nikpour, M., 2020, February. Management of cutaneous manifestations of lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. In Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism (Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 95-127). WB Saunders. |
| Norman, R. A. “The history of lupus erythematosus and discoid lupus: from Hippocrates to the present.” Lupus Open Access 1.1 (2016): 102. | Barber, M.R., Drenkard, C., Falasinnu, T., Hoi, A., Mak, A., Kow, N.Y., Svenungsson, E., Peterson, J., Clarke, A.E. and Ramsey-Goldman, R., 2021. Global epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus. Nature Reviews Rheumatology, 17(9), pp.515-532. |
| Reeves, Westley H., et al. “Origins of antinuclear antibodies.” Systemic lupus erythematosus (2011): 213-233. | Golder, V., Kandane-Rathnayake, R., Huq, M., Nim, H.T., Louthrenoo, W., Luo, S.F., Wu, Y.J.J., Lateef, A., Sockalingam, S., Navarra, S.V. and Zamora, L., 2019. Lupus low disease activity state as a treatment endpoint for systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective validation study. The Lancet Rheumatology, 1(2), pp.e95-e102. |
| Sanders, Michael D., and Elizabeth M. Graham. “‘Black and white and every wrong colour’: The medical history of Jane Austen and the possibility of systemic lupus erythematosus.” Lupus 30.4 (2021): 549-553. | Kaegi, C., Steiner, U.C., Wuest, B., Crowley, C. and Boyman, O., 2020. Systematic review of safety and efficacy of atacicept in treating immune-mediated disorders. Frontiers in immunology, 11, p.433. |
| Wang, Jianle, et al. “Unusual maintenance of X chromosome inactivation predisposes female lymphocytes for increased expression from the inactive X.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113.14 (2016): E2029-E2038. | Morand, E.F., Furie, R., Tanaka, Y., Bruce, I.N., Askanase, A.D., Richez, C., Bae, S.C., Brohawn, P.Z., Pineda, L., Berglind, A. and Tummala, R., 2020. Trial of anifrolumab in active systemic lupus erythematosus. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(3), pp.211-221. |
| Xing, Enze, Allison C. Billi, and Johann E. Gudjonsson. “Sex bias and autoimmune diseases.” Journal of Investigative Dermatology 142.3 (2022): 857-866. | Drenkard, C. and Lim, S.S., 2019. Update on lupus epidemiology: advancing health disparities research through the study of minority populations. Current opinion in rheumatology, 31(6), p.689. |
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